Sonic branding of meat- and plant-based foods: The role of timbre

Despite the wide body of literature available on the sound symbolism of food, the role of timbre in influencing food perception is yet underexplored. Given the shared gender stereotypes between timbre (musical instruments) and foods, this research examined the relationship between masculine/feminine instruments and meat/plant attributes across four studies. We identified the masculine timbre-meat and feminine timbre-plant associations (Study 1), which hold even within the same food category (Study 2a and 2b). Interestingly, the feminine timbreplant associations (vs. masculine) were found to be stronger at the implicit level (Study 3). Study 4 demonstrated that sogos created in feminine instruments activate the feminine concepts linked to plant appeal and results in enhancing these regardless of consumers' perceived pleasantness of the sogos. These insights suggest novel sonic branding strategies for brand managers, and advertisers in the plant-based (meat-alternative) food industry.