Uncovering the first complete chloroplast genomics, comparative analysis, and phylogenetic relationships of the medicinal plants Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae)

Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus are economically valuable medicinal plants from the Rhamnaceae family. However, their chloroplast genome structure, phylogenetic position, relationships, and evolution remain poorly understood. Herein, the complete chloroplast genome resources of R. cathartica and F. alnus have been added. The first comparative analysis of the Rhamnus and Frangula species based on complete chloroplast genomes was provided. The chloroplast genomes of R. cathartica and F. alnus exhibited a quadripartite structure, with total lengths of 161,149 bp and 161,255 bp, respectively. The lack of the infA and psbL genes does not negatively impact the normal functioning of Rhamnus and Frangula species. The rpl20 and rpl33 genes are undergoing rapid evolution. Rhamnus and Frangula species prefer amino acids with A/U-terminal codons. There were between 100 and 126 simple sequence repeats and between 38 and 100 long repeats. Several highly divergent intergenic regions (trnK-UUU-trnQ-UUG, atpH-atpI, trnY-GUA-trnE-UUC, trnG-GCC-trnfM-CAU, trnT-UGU-trnF-GAA, rpl20-rps12, and rpl22-rps19) and highly divergent genes (ycf3, ndhA, rpl32, and ycf1) were identified, which could serve as potential phylogenetic markers due to their variability. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among Rhamnus species and F. alnus using complete chloroplast genomes. There is no significant correlation between the medicinal value of the species analyzed and their phylogenetic relationships. These results provide valuable insights for understanding the phylogenetic relationship and evolution of Rhamnus and Frangula species. These findings could serve as a foundation for future studies on the Rhamnaceae.