Exploring Early Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnostic Approaches in Young Children

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a diverse range of developmental disabilities characterized by pervasive deficiencies in socialization, communication, and the manifestation of behavioral issues. This review aims to clarify the diagnostic criteria for ASD, explore available diagnostic tools, evaluate biomedical examinations facilitating ASD diagnosis, and discuss the approach to screening assessments for ASD. ASDs are prevalent conditions, with a globally estimated prevalence of 7.6 cases per 100 (one in 132), based on a comprehensive review of epidemiological studies. The precise cause of autism and other ASDs remains unknown; however, genetic and environmental factors likely contribute. Common signs and symptoms shared among individuals with autism include restricted repetitive behaviors and learning disabilities. Standardized methods, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), diagnostic instruments, a thorough medical history, multiple physical examinations, laboratory investigations, neuroimaging, and screening tests, play a pivotal role in early autism diagnosis and intervention. ASD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multiple deficits. Early detection is anticipated to have a positive impact on outcomes.