Melatonin Supplementation during the Late Gestational Stage Enhances Reproductive Performance of Sows by Regulating Fluid Shear Stress and Improving Placental Antioxidant Capacity

In this study, the effects of daily melatonin supplementation (2 mg/kg) at the late gestational stage on the reproductive performance of the sows have been investigated. This treatment potentially increased the litter size and birth survival rate and significantly increased the birth weight as well as the weaning weight and survival rate of piglets compared to the controls. The mechanistic studies have found that these beneficial effects of melatonin are not mediated by the alterations of reproductive hormones of estrogen and progesterone, nor did the glucose and lipid metabolisms, but they were the results of the reduced oxidative stress in placenta associated with melatonin supplementation. Indeed, the melatonergic system, including mRNAs and proteins of AANAT, MTNR1A and MTNR1B, has been identified in the placenta of the sows. The RNA sequencing of placental tissue and KEGG analysis showed that melatonin activated the placental tissue fluid shear stress pathway to stimulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which upregulated its several downstream antioxidant genes, including MGST1, GSTM3 and GSTA4, therefore, suppressing the placental oxidative stress. All these actions may be mediated by the melatonin receptor of MTNR1B.