Re-investigating the impact of non-renewable and renewable energy on environmental quality: A roadmap towards sustainable development

Over the last decade, Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the key areas renowned for various energy resources and minerals in the global market, has undergone considerable economic development. Sub-Saharan African coun-tries are working aggressively to meet the emission objectives since reducing climate change has become the prime focus of numerous policy initiatives. To offer policy guidance to reduce harmful emissions, this research examines the dynamic role of various renewable, non-renewable, and economic factors as essential determinants of environmental quality in 41 Sub-Saharan countries from 2004 to 2021. Two Step System Generalized Method of Moment technique and the Fixed Effect model using Discroll and Kraay standard errors were used to determine the relationships between the variables. The study's main inferences show that using renewable energy signif-icantly improves environmental quality, while fossil fuel consumption only degrades the environment. Addi-tionally, results indicate that human capital, technologies, and digitalization positively enhance carbon emissions. Policymakers in the Sub-Sahara region should develop plans to minimize the substantial quantity of carbon that is predicted to be released in the future. A practical solution to control emissions is promoting renewable sources while discouraging fossil fuel energy. Authorities should also encourage innovations and raise public awareness of sustainability issues to strengthen renewable sources and ensure sustainable development.