Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems and cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus risk in adolescence

Background: Among adults, common psychopathology is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated whether childhood internalizing and externalizing problems are prospectively associated with clinically elevated CVD and T2DM risk factors in adolescence. Methods: Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Childhood internalizing (emotional) and externalizing (hyperactivity and conduct) problems were rated on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parent version) (N = 6442). BMI was measured at age 15 and triglycerides, low-density lipo-protein cholesterol and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, IR, were assessed at age 17. We estimated associations using multivariate log-linear regression. Models were adjusted for confounding and participants attrition.Results: Children with hyperactivity or conduct problems were more likely to become obese and to develop clinically high levels of triglycerides and HOMA-IR in adolescence. In fully adjusted models, IR was associated with hyperactivity (relative risk, RR = 1.35, 95 % confidence interval, CI = 1.00-1.81) and conduct problems (RR = 1.37, CI = 1.06-1.78). High triglycerides were associated with hyperactivity (RR = 2.05, CI = 1.41-2.98) and with conduct problems (RR = 1.85, CI = 1.32-2.59). BMI only minimally explained these associations. Emotional problems were not associated with increased risk.Limitations: Residual attrition bias, reliance on parent's reports of children's behaviors, non-diverse sample.Conclusions: This research suggests that childhood externalizing problems might be a novel independent risk factor for CVD/T2DM. Future research should corroborate these findings and investigate mechanisms. Pedia-tricians may need to assess and treat CVD/T2DM risk factors in adolescents with a history of externalizing problems.