The Impact of Salinity and Nutrient Regimes on the Agro-Morphological Traits and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato under Hydroponic Conditions

The effects of saline water on three greenhouse tomato cultivars (Feisty-Red, Ghandowra-F1, and Valouro-RZ) under three salinity concentrations (S1, similar to 2.5 dS m(-1); S2, similar to 6.0 dS m(-1); and similar to 9.0 dS m(-1)) and four nutrient regimes (N1-N4) were studied by evaluating the vegetative growth, chlorophyll content, leaf area, water use efficiency (WUE), and fruit yield of the cultivars. Vegetative growth parameters, such as plant height, leaf area, and stem diameter, were negatively correlated with increased levels of salinity. Also, the lowest WUE was noted for the high-salinity (similar to 9.0 dS m(-1)) treatments. The Valouro-RZ cultivar performed better in terms of vegetative growth parameters when compared to both the Ghandowra-F1 and Feisty-Red cultivars. The plants grafted onto Maxifort rootstock showed more tolerance to salinity stress, with significant differences in plant growth, tomato yield, and WUE when compared with the non-grafted plants. The use of a modified nutrient solution (N2) in combination with moderately saline water (S2, similar to 6.0 dS m(-1)) resulted in a high mean yield (30.7 kg m(-2)), with a reduction of about similar to 1.6% compared with the mean yield of the control (i.e., the combination of S1 and N1), which was estimated to be about 31.2 kg m(-2). High salinity significantly affected the mean WUE, which was the highest at 31.3 kg m(-3) for the control plants (low salinity-S1), followed by the moderate-salinity (S2) plants at 30.4 kg m(-3), and the lowest mean WUE was recorded for the high-salinity (S3) plants at 17.7 kg m(-3). These results indicate that a combination of grafting onto rootstocks and using an appropriate nutrient recipe (i.e., N2 in this study) can mitigate the negative effects of salt stress on tomato plants grown under hydroponic conditions.