Advancement of electrically rechargeable multivalent metal-air batteries for future mobility

The demand for newer, lighter, and smaller batteries with longer lifespans, higher energy densities, and generally improved overall battery performance has gone up along with the need for electric vehicles. Alternatives must be found because lithium sources are limited and the metal is expensive. Aligned with this, efforts are being carried out to enhance the battery performance of electric vehicles and have shown promise in allaying consumer concerns about range anxiety and safety. This demonstrates that the electric car market will remain very dynamic in the coming decades, with costs continuing to fall. However, developing advanced energy storage technologies from more abundant resources that are cheaper and safer than lithium-ion batteries is a viable option for future mobility and product sustainability. This paper recapitulates the current state of multivalent particularly zinc and iron metal-air battery applications for electric mobility. The cycle capability, range, costs, service life, safety, discharge, and charging rate are all investigated. Factors hampering the further development and marketing of these technologies in connection with possible solutions are also conferred.