Availability, price, and affordability of anti-hepatitis B virus drugs: a cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundThe global prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has presented a persistent challenge for public health prevention and treatment. However, studies that assess the public's access to anti-HBV drugs are absent.AimTo examine the availability, pricing, and affordability of anti-HBV drugs in Jiangsu province, China and provide recommendations for improvement.MethodAn enhanced methodology developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International was applied in a cross-sectional study that included 1026 healthcare facilities distributed in 13 prefectural-level cities in Jiangsu province.ResultsSince almost all drugs had an availability of less than 30%, the accessibility of anti-HBV drugs was notably low. Primary healthcare facilities had the lowest availability, reporting 1.4% for Original Brands (OBs) and 1.7% for lowest-priced generics (LPGs). Furthermore, the northern Jiangsu region recorded the lowest availability at 0.7%. LPGs demonstrated higher availability than OBs, with median availability probabilities of 2.6% and 1.4%, respectively. The drugs listed on the WHO Essential Medicines List exhibited higher availability than those on other lists. The median price ratios for OBs, LPGs, and volume-based purchasing drugs were 0.83, 0.50, and 0.27, respectively, less than 1.5 times the international reference price. Despite favorable pricing, affordability rate was 23% for urban residents and 0% for rural residents, which was discouraging.ConclusionLow availability and affordability of anti-HBV drugs were observed. Policy recommendations should emphasize the improvement of LPG availability by incentivizing priority prescribing. Healthcare subsidies should be provided more effectively and equitably.