Artifacts in two-dimensional shear wave elastography of liver

BACKGROUND Artifacts are common when using two-dimensional shear wave elastography(2-D SWE) to measure liver stiffness(LS), but they are poorly recognized.AIM To investigate the presence and influence of artifacts in 2-D SWE of liver.METHODS We included 158 patients with chronic liver disease, who underwent 2-D SWE examination by a novice and an expert. A cross line at the center of the elastogram was drawn and was divided it into four locations: top-left, top-right, bottom-left, and bottom-right. The occurrence frequency of artifacts in different locations was compared. The influence of artifacts on the LS measurements was evaluated by comparing the elastogram with the most artifacts(EMA) and the elastogram with the least artifacts(ELA).RESULTS The percentage of elastograms with artifacts in the novice(51.7%) was significantly higher than that of the expert(19.6%)(P < 0.001). It was found that both operators had the highest frequency of artifacts at bottom-left, followed by top-left and bottom-right, and top-right had the lowest frequency. The LS values(LSVs) and standard deviation values of EMAs were significantly higher than those of ELAs for both operators. An intraclass correlation coefficient value of 0.96 was found in the LSVs of EMAs of the two operators, and it increased to 0.98 when the LSVs of the ELAs were used. Both operators had lower stability index values for EMAs than ELAs, but the difference was only statistically significant for the novice.CONCLUSION Artifacts are common when using 2-D SWE to measure LS, especially for the novice. Artifacts may lead to the overestimation of LS and reduce the repeatability and reliability of LS measurements.