Bifurcations of heteroclinic loops

By generalizing the Floquet method from periodic systems to systems with exponential dichotomy, a local coordinate system is established in a neighborhood of the heteroclinic loop \%Γ\% to study the bifurcation problems of homoclinic and periodic orbits. Asymptotic expressions of the bifurcation surfaces and their relative positions are given. The results obtained in literature concerned with the 1\|hom bifurcation surfaces are improved and extended to the nontransversal case. Existence regions of the 1\|per orbits bifurcated from Γ are described, and the uniqueness and incoexistence of the 1\|hom and 1\|per orbit and the inexistence of the 2\|hom and 2\|per orbit are also obtained.