Nanotechnology for the management of COVID-19 during the pandemic and in the post-pandemic era

Following the global COVID-19 pandemic,nanotechnology has been at the forefront of research efforts and enables the fast development of diagnostic tools,vaccines and antiviral treatment for this novel virus(SARS-CoV-2).In this review,we first summarize nanotechnology with regard to the detection of SARS-C oV-2,including nanoparticle-based techniques such as rapid antigen testing,and nanopore-based se quencing and sensing techniques.Then we investigate nanote chnology as it applies to the development of COVID-19 vaccines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 nanomaterials.We also highlight nanotechnology for the post-pandemic era,by providing tools for the battle with SARS-C oV-2 variants and for enhancing the global distribution of vaccines.Nanotechnology not only contributes to the management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic but also provides platforms for the prevention,rapid diagnosis,vaccines and antiviral drugs of possible future virus outbreaks.