The Promotion and Practice of Physical Activity in the United States

被引:1
|
作者
Li Changqing [1 ]
Steven N.Blair [2 ]
Xiong Kaiyu [3 ]
机构
[1] Sport Science College,Beijing Sport University
[2] Teaching and Experimental Center,Beijing Sport University
[3] Arnold School of Public Health,University of South Carolina
关键词
体力活动; 静坐少动行为; 活跃的生活方式;
D O I
10.16038/j.1000-6710.2016.10.016
中图分类号
R87 [运动医学];
学科分类号
100216 ;
摘要
规律的体力活动有助于提高人的健康状况及生活质量。然而,美国《2020健康人群》中的数据显示,仅有18.8%的美国成年人达到了《2008美国人体力活动指南》(2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans)中提出的有关有氧活动和强壮肌肉活动的推荐量。为此,美国在提高居民体力活动水平上做出了不懈的努力。本文简要介绍美国为促进全民体力活动采取的主要策略、有助于体力活动干预研究的政策分析框架、行为改变理论及3项研究实例。2010年,美国出台了《全民体力活动促进计划》(The National Physical Activity Plan,NPAP),该计划包含了政策推荐、实践经验及措施等一系列增加居民体力活动的策略,试图通过在全国范围内营造"活跃的生活方式"的文化氛围,促进更多人达到《2008美国人体力活动指南》中的体力活动推荐量。《全民体力活动促进计划》的内容涉及公共卫生、教育、城市规划、医疗保健、企业及行业、休闲娱乐及运动健身、非营利机构和大众传媒在内的8个领域,共有5个总策略、52个特定部门的策略及相对应的215个分策略,且部分策略制定了一年及五年目标。2011年,专家组对《全民体力活动促进计划》进行了过程评价,以监督计划的实施情况,并为计划的改进提供建议。过程评价采用定性及定量研究方法,对一年内开展的活动、目标完成情况、经验教训等进行总结。这一年内,《全民体力活动促进计划》的实施取得了可喜成绩,但仍存在诸多挑战,如缺乏长期的资金支持、各领域之间需加强沟通及合作、计划内容需及时更新以保证与体力活动及公共卫生领域的发展同步等。人的体力活动是一种复杂的行为,按照不同行为改变理论,其影响因素亦不同。许多科学研究及实践已经采用行为改变理论为指导进行体力活动的干预,以保证干预效果。有些行为改变理论(如生态学模型)认为,支持性政策是促进行为改变的有效手段之一。在制定支持性政策的复杂过程中,政策分析框架将有助于政策的设计及对政策实施效果进行评估。本文简要介绍常用于促进体力活动增加的政策分析框架:社区行动模型(Community Action Model)、RE-AIM框架(RE-AIM Framework)和健康影响评估(Health Impact Assessment),以及常用于促进体力活动增加的行为改变理论:生态学模型(Ecological Model)、社会认知理论(Social Cognitive Theory)和跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model)。本文还通过3项研究实例,增加读者对生活方式干预研究的进一步认识。本文希望通过对当前美国有关体力活动促进的经验介绍,为制定或完善体力活动计划及体力活动干预方案提供参考。
引用
收藏
页码:957 / 965
页数:9
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