Osteoarthritis: An integrative overview from pathogenesis to management

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterised by cartilage and subchondral bone breakdown, impacting millions worldwide. This review provides an overview of the complex aetiology of OA, integrating biochemical, mechanical, and genetic factors. It also emphasises a multifaceted management approach, combining non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical treatments. Non-pharmacological strategies include physical therapy and lifestyle changes, which are crucial for pain relief and functional improvement. Pharmacological options focus on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and emerging disease-modifying drugs, while surgical interventions are reserved for advanced cases. The review also explores the potential of regenerative medicine and personalised treatments in revolutionising OA management. Additionally, it underscores the importance of advanced diagnostic tools in early disease detection and monitoring, paving the way for timely and effective interventions.