Spatial interdependence and cross-border spillover effects in the ecological footprint of consumption: The role of inclusive policies and public procurement

The post-growth circular economy approach seeks to reorient the economy towards equitable wellbeing enhancement rather than perpetual growth. However, sustainability is not just about environmental protection but also about creating an inclusive and socially equitable society. In this light, the spatial dependencies and spillover effects in the total ecological footprint of consumption are examined across 16 EU countries. The study finds evidence of positive spatial dependence in the total ecological footprint of consumption, indicating spillover effects across neighboring countries while the dual nature of agricultural sector in shaping the footprint is revealed. The temporal footprint dynamics highlight evolving relationships driven by economic activities, governance, and resource management. Employment opportunities contribute not only to the local country's ecological footprint mitigation, but also to an increase in neighboring countries' footprints, highlighting the heterogeneous spatial impacts. Changes in one country's agricultural sector quickly affect neighboring countries, making the environmental impact more widespread. Less transparent procurement practices are linked to higher ecological footprints. A higher share of contracts with no published call for tender creates spillover effects across neighboring countries, while stronger adherence to the rule of law mitigates the ecological footprint and generates positive spillover effects. Sustainable agriculture, regulation of large public contracts, and the adoption of circular economy strategies are vital policy levers to mitigate environmental impacts while accounting for cross- border spillover effects.