Evaluating and transferring social value of ecosystem services in urban wetland parks using the SolVES model

Urban wetland parks serve as essential green spaces that provide cultural ecosystem services, yet their social value remains insufficiently studied. This research evaluates and transfers the social value of ecosystem services in urban wetland parks using the Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model, offering a deeper understanding of how environmental factors shape human perceptions. The study focuses on three wetland parks in China: Nanhai National Wetland Park (NNWP) in Guangdong, Donghu Wetland Park (DWP) in Wuhan, and Qinglonghu Wetland Park (QWP) in Beijing. Data were collected through on-site surveys conducted at DWP between March 2021 and December 2023, incorporating visitor preferences and spatial analysis. The results indicate that scenic beauty, recreation, and cultural heritage values are the most prominent, with social values strongly correlated with proximity to water bodies, green spaces, and pedestrian pathways. Gender and age significantly influenced perceptions, with younger respondents placing higher emphasis on recreational benefits, while older individuals valued spiritual and therapeutic aspects. The application of the social value transfer model demonstrated high reliability, successfully predicting ecosystem service values at NNWP and QWP. These findings highlight the importance of integrating ecological and cultural elements in wetland park design to enhance visitor experience and conservation efforts. This study provides a scientific foundation for urban planners and environmental policymakers to develop strategies that maximize the social benefits of wetland parks, ensuring their sustainability in rapidly urbanizing regions.