Effect of preventive chemotherapy for neglected tropical diseases in Indonesia from 1992 to 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis (LF), soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and schistosomiasis (SC) in Indonesia before and after PC implementation through a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsEmbase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2022, reporting LF, STH and SC in Indonesia. Using the Ministry of Health lists of districts receiving PC programs, we identified whether data collection was conducted before or after PC implementation in that particular district. A meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model applied to pool pre- and post-PC prevalence of LF, STH and SC.ResultsOverall, 195 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of LF was 9.72% (95% CI, 5.56%-13.87%). The pre-PC pooled prevalence of LF was 11.48% (95% CI, 5.52%-17.45%). The prevalence decreased after PC implementation, and the pooled prevalence was 7.12% (95% CI, 1.79%-12.44%). The overall prevalence of STH was 35.16% (95% CI, 30.36%-39.96%). The pre-PC prevalence of STH was 36.29% (95% CI, 30.37%-42.20%). The post-PC prevalence of STH decreased at 31.93% (95% CI, 24.25%-39.62%), although the difference between before and after PC was not significant (p = 0.379). Only nine studies investigated the prevalence of SC; based on the random-effects model, the pooled prevalence was 21.90% (95% CI, 4.88%-38.92%). Owing to the scarcity of studies, we could not perform the funnel tests for publication bias and moderating variables of the pooled prevalence for SC.ConclusionsThe prevalence of LF and STH decreased after PC implementation, although it was not significant. The difference for SC could not be assessed because of limited post-PC data. The uneven distribution of research and the lack of standardised sampling methods may not fully capture the situation.