Evidence of Potential Thermospheric Overcooling During the May 2024 Geomagnetic Superstorm

[During intense geomagnetic storms, the rapid and significant production of nitric oxide (NO) followed by its associated infrared radiative emission in lower thermosphere contributes crucially to the energetics of the upper atmosphere. This makes NO infrared radiative cooling a very important phenomenon which needs to be considered for accurate density forecasting in thermosphere. This study reports the investigation of variations in thermospheric density, and NO radiative cooling during the recent geomagnetic superstorm of May 2024. A very rare post-storm thermospheric density depletion of about -23% on May 12 was observed by Swarm-C in northern hemisphere in comparison to the prestorm condition on May 9. This overcooling was observed despite the continuous enhancement in solar EUV (24-36 nm) flux throughout the event. The thermospheric NO infrared radiative emission in the recovery phase of the storm is likely to be the plausible cause for this observed post-storm density depletion. Our analysis also suggests an all time high thermospheric NO radiative cooling flux up to 11.84 ergs/cm2 ${\text{ergs/cm}}<^>{2}$/sec during May 2024 geomagnetic superstorm, which has also been compared with famous Halloween storms of October 2003].