Association of weekend catch-up sleep with depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) may alleviate weekday sleep deprivation, but its relationship with depression risk remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore the association between WCS and depression risk. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for observational studies published up to June 1, 2024. Data extraction and bias assessment were independently performed by two reviewers. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with model selection based on the I2 statistic. Sensitivity analyses and publication bias tests were also conducted. Results: A total of ten cross-sectional studies (326,871 participants) were included. Meta-analysis showed that WCS was significantly associated with a reduced risk of depression (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI: 0.68-0.90). Subgroup analyses showed moderate amounts of WCS (0-2 h) may be protective, but WCS beyond 2 h had limited protective effects against depression. Qualitative analyses showed that the protective effect of WCS against depression was more pronounced in men and middle-aged adults, and was particularly applicable to those who were sleep-deprived on weekdays. Limitations: The cross-sectional design of included studies limits causality inference, and the sample primarily represents populations from the United States and South Korea, potentially affecting generalizability. Conclusions: Moderate WCS is associated with lower depression risk in those with weekday sleep deficits, while excessive WCS may have diminishing or adverse effects. Further research should examine optimal WCS duration and underlying mechanisms.