Eco-friendly features in molecularly imprinted polymers for applications in electrochemical and optical sensing

Synthetic receptors embedded in polymeric matrices can be fabricated using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a novel methodology designed to mimic the biological lock-and-key interactions of antibodies with their target antigens. These artificial receptors exhibit high binding efficiencies and exceptional selectivity, enabling them to recognize target molecules even in complex matrices with interfering species. MIPs facilitate seamless integration between artificial materials and natural systems, offering significant versatility across various applications. Traditionally, MIP synthesis has relied heavily on organic solvents. However, increasing regulatory restrictions on chemical use, growing environmental concerns, and the demand for higher product purity are driving the transition toward greener and more sustainable synthesis methods. These advancements align with green chemistry and engineering principles, promoting environmentally friendly practices. This review highlights recent developments in green materials and their applications in (bio) sensing technologies, particularly electrochemical and optical (bio) sensors. Moreover, the analytical greenness assessment tool for molecularly imprinted polymers synthesis (AGREEMIP) was involved in this review. Additionally, it discusses existing challenges in the field and explores future research directions aimed at fostering sustainable innovations in molecular imprinting and sensor development.