Normal-phase and reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were applied to study the chemical constituents of the stems and twigs of the Hainan mangrove plant, Excoecaria agallocha L. A new 3,4-seco-ent-kaurane diterpenoid, named agallochanin acid A (1), and a rare ent-tetranorlabdane diterpenoid, named agallochanin acid B (2), along with four known diterpenoids were isolated. Their structures including absolute configurations were characterized via HR-ESI-MS, extensive 1D and 2D NMR investigations and calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. All isolates were tested for their inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 cells. ent-3,4-Seco-17-oxo-kaur-4(19),15(16)-dien-3-oic acid (3) and ent-15-hydroxy- labda-8(17),13E-dien-3-one (5) exhibited considerable anti-neuroinflammatory activities with IC50 values of (14.32 +/- 1.99) and (4.24 +/- 0.37) mu mol/L.