Investigation of Hydrocarbon Marker (PAHs) Resulting from Anthropogenic Inputs of Some Selected Vegetables in Saudi Arabia

This study investigated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in fresh and processed vegetables from three Saudi Arabian cities: Hail, Qassim, and Kharj. Local market vegetable samples were analyzed using solid phase and Soxhlet extraction methods, followed by GC-MS analysis. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 5.85 to 23.66 ng g-1 dw, with the highest concentration found in Qassim potato peels (23.66 ng g-1 dw) and the lowest in Kharj cabbage (5.85 ng g-1 dw). The predominant PAH species identified were Fl, DBA, BbF, and BaP. PAH ratios indicated that combustion-derived PAHs were dominant across all samples, suggesting high levels of carcinogenic compounds. The findings highlight potential health risks for local populations and organisms in these regions. The study emphasizes the importance of environmental monitoring and recommends implementing regular assessment protocols for these contaminants throughout Saudi Arabia to address public health concerns and mitigate potential risks to human health and the broader ecosystem environment.