Numerical investigation of jet-in-crossflow approach for enhanced forced air-cooling of photovoltaic panels

Photovoltaic (PV) technology is crucial in sustainable energy production, yet its high temperatures significantly compromise efficiency. Traditional air-cooling methods offer limited relief, often failing to maintain optimal temperatures during peak heat. This study numerically investigates the effectiveness of a jet-in-crossflow (JICF) approach for enhancing forced air cooling. The cooling system introduces air via an initial channel, directing it through impingement jets to cool the backside of the PV panels before exiting through a crossflow channel. Considering solar irradiance of 600-1000 W/m2 and airflow rate of 0.03-0.11 m3/s, jet designs (i.e., cylindrical, square, and rectangular) with sizes ranging from 15 to 45 mm have been numerically investigated. Results indicated a significant PV temperature reduction and power enhancement through optimal placement and sizing of the impingement jets. The velocity, vorticity, and temperature field analysis highlight effective cooling performance and minimal thermal hotspots. Specifically, increased airflow rates enhance convection, leading to decreased surface temperatures. The cylindrical jet outperforms square and rectangular designs, demonstrating superior turbulence and convection enhancement. Notably, reducing jet size reduced the PV temperature and enhanced the performance effectively than increasing flowrate. Quantitively, JICF achieved temperature reductions of approximate to 8 degrees C to 21 degrees C (23 % to 39 % enhancement) at flowrate of 0.11 m3/s and 0.03 m3/s, respectively. Meanwhile, it improved the electrical efficiency by 4 % to 11 % under the same conditions. The jet size of 15 mm is highly recommended with all shapes and desired flowrates. Furthermore, JICF cooling is consistent with comparable and valid strategy compared with the open literature. This study suggests that JICF design can significantly enhance efficiency while potentially reducing overall cooling capacity requirements.