Wall-modeled large eddy simulation of the A-airfoil using body-fitted and immersed-boundary codes

The paper presents wall-modeled large eddy simulations (WMLES) of the flow over an airfoil using two codes, with specific focus on comparing the results using body-fitted grids and Cartesian grids with immersed-boundary treatment and on how to handle the laminar boundary layer at the leading edge of the airfoil. The study highlights the difficulty of handling the extremely thin laminar boundary layer around the leading edge and how this affects the boundary layer over the entire airfoil, leading to changes in the predicted lift and drag.