Well-being of formal leaders: A critical and interdisciplinary review of predictors shaping leader well-being

Holding a formal leadership role is often idealized, motivating individuals to pursue such positions for independence and success. However, recent reports highlight significant challenges faced by leaders, particularly during as well as after the COVID-19 pandemic, including increased work demands and reduced well-being. This review takes a critical stance and examines whether formal leaders bear a well-being cost. Using Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological systems framework, we categorize predictors of leader well-being, discuss dominant theoretical frameworks explaining the most frequently studied relationships, and identify theoretical gaps in the existing literature. Following this, we identify internal validity issues affecting the interpretation of existing research. Our findings reveal significant validity concerns and a reliance on single-study, non-experimental designs, compromising the reliability of results. We offer theoretical and methodological recommendations for future research and emphasize the need for interventions to enhance leader well-being amidst increasing role demands. By synthesizing existing knowledge, our review aims to be a valuable resource for leadership scholars and practitioners, fostering interdisciplinary insights and encouraging further research on leader well-being in diverse contexts.