Early life adversity and increased antisocial and depressive tendencies in young adults with family histories of alcohol and other substance use disorders: Findings from the Family Health Patterns project

Background: Individuals with a family history of alcohol and other substance use disorders (FH+) +) are several times more likely to develop alcohol problems compared to individuals with no such family histories (FH-). Here we sought to evaluate associations of early life adversity (ELA) with two key risk-related FH+ + phenotypic characteristics: increased antisocial and depressive tendencies. Methods: We examined data from 1187 FH+ + and FH- young adults (average age 23.6 years old) with and without personal histories of substance use disorders. Antisocial tendencies were evaluated with the Socialization scale of the California Personality Inventory (CPI-So), while depressive tendencies were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). Results: In general, being FH+, +, having a personal substance use disorder history, and experiencing greater levels of ELA were associated with lower CPI-So scores (indicating more antisocial tendencies) and higher BDI scores (indicating more depressive tendencies). Conclusions: These results suggest that ELA is linked to increased antisocial and depressive tendencies observed in FH+ + persons. Given that FH+ + individuals are disproportionately exposed to ELA, this increased exposure may be a major contributor to these and other risk-related characteristics commonly present in FH+ + individuals. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the impact of ELA on risk-related phenotypic characteristics, including prospective studies in early childhood and mechanistic studies evaluating pathways by which ELA exerts its effects on FH phenotypic characteristics.