Anti-hyperglycemic Potential of Algerian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seed Extract in Type 1 Diabetic Rats: Combined In Vivo Studies and In Silico Docking Analysis of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) poses a significant global health challenge, with current treatments often proving inadequate. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the anti-hyperglycemic effects of methanolic extract from Algerian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds (MEF) in Type 1 diabetic rats, combining both in vivo and in silico studies: molecular docking and ADMET. Polyphenol compounds (PCs) identified. Twenty-four male rats divided into four groups: control, normal treated with MEF, diabetic, and diabetic treated with MEF. T1D was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection: i.p. 50 mg/kg streptozotocin injection. MEF was administered orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 28 days, with measurements of body weight and fasting blood glucose. Histopathological examinations of pancreatic tissues were conducted posttreatment. HPLC identified 15 PCs. We found that six main PCs had strong binding affinities for the IR (-9.463 to -7.893 kcal/mol). The ADMET modeling indicated favorable drug-likeness, oral bioavailability, and no toxicity risk. Significantly, diabetic rats treated with MEF exhibited a marked reduction in fasting blood glucose levels (494.67-144.17 mg/dL; p < 0.001), along with an increase in body weight and improvements in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These findings suggest that MEF possesses substantial anti-hyperglycemic potential and may play a role in managing T1D complications.