More species, more trees: The role of tree packing in promoting forest productivity

被引:0
|
作者
Morin, Xavier [1 ]
Toigo, Maude [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Fahse, Lorenz [4 ]
Guillemot, Joannes [5 ,6 ,7 ]
Cailleret, Maxime [8 ]
Bertrand, Romain [9 ]
Cateau, Eugenie [10 ]
de Coligny, Francois [11 ]
Garcia-Valdes, Raul [12 ,13 ]
Ratcliffe, Sophia [14 ]
Riotte-Lambert, Louise [1 ,15 ]
Zavala, Miguel [16 ]
Vallet, Patrick [17 ]
机构
[1] Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, CEFE,CNRS, Montpellier, France
[2] Bordeaux Sci Agro, Gradignan, France
[3] Univ Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
[4] Univ Kaiserslautern Landau, Inst Environm Sci, RPTU, Landau, Germany
[5] CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
[6] Univ Montpellier, Inst Agro, Eco&Sols, CIRAD,IRD,INRAe, Montpellier, France
[7] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Forest Sci, ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
[8] Aix Marseille Univ, UR RECOVER, INRAE Aix En Provence, Aix En Provence 5, France
[9] Univ Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier UT3, Univ Toulouse, Ctr Rech Biodivers & Environm CRBE, CNRS,IRD,Toulouse INP,UMR5300, Toulouse, France
[10] Reserv Nat France, Dijon, France
[11] Univ Montpellier, INRAe, CNRS, CIRAD,IRD,AMAP, Montpellier, France
[12] Rey Juan Carlos Univ, Dept Biol & Geol, Phys & Inorgan Chem, Mostoles, Spain
[13] Rey Juan Carlos Univ, Global Change Res Inst IICG URJC, Mostoles, Spain
[14] Natl Biodivers Network Trust, Unit F, Nottingham, England
[15] Univ Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, CRCA CBI, CNRS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
[16] Univ Alcala, Dept Life Sci, Forest Ecol & Restorat Grp, Madrid, Spain
[17] Univ Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, St Martin Dheres, France
关键词
biodiversity; canopy packing; complementarity; ecosystem functioning; forest dynamics model; forests; stand density; tree packing; PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; CROWN PLASTICITY; BIODIVERSITY; DIVERSITY; REGRESSION; MODEL; CONSEQUENCES; TEMPERATE; GROWTH; STANDS;
D O I
10.1111/1365-2745.14460
中图分类号
Q94 [植物学];
学科分类号
071001 ;
摘要
Forests provide many ecosystem services that strongly depend on species diversity, as illustrated by the repeatedly observed diversity-productivity relationships (DPRs). These forest DPRs are assumed to result mostly from complementarity between species at the tree level whilst emerging community-level processes remain poorly explored. In this study, we propose that the 'tree packing effect' (TPE), where species diversity promotes productivity by positively impacting maximum stand density, is an important determinant of DPRs. We tested the two components of TPE: (i) whether maximum stand density increases with species richness and (ii) whether this higher stand density allowed by species richness promotes forest productivity. First, relying on national forest inventories of six European countries (NFIs, totaling 2,367,776 trees), we fitted self-thinning lines to examine whether these lines were influenced by plot species richness. We showed that maximum stand density increases with tree species richness in Europe, in all but one country. This trend was notably stronger in extreme climates. Second, we ran a large simulation-based experiment (including 7,024,815 simulations) with an individual-based forest dynamics model able to control for stand-density effects, to quantify DPRs for more than 1000 sites in Europe. Relying on an original method to quantify DPRs at the site level, we compared the strength of DPRs simulated with and without control for stand density. We found positive DPRs up to 10-times stronger when TPE is at play than when stand density is controlled. This positive effect of diversity on forest productivity through tree packing is also stronger in extreme climates, especially in warm and dry conditions. Synthesis. Highlighting the generality of the TPE in European forests, our results reveal that the effect of diversity on forest functioning is partly mediated by diversity-driven changes in stand density. This mechanism has been long overlooked in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning studies, but our findings strongly call for its reconsideration, especially in natural forests. It also opens key perspectives for management and climate change mitigation programmes. Les forê ts fournissent de nombreux services é cosysté miques aux populations, et ceux-ci dé pendent fortement de la diversité en espè ces, comme cela a é té fré quemment montré. Ces relations diversité-fonctionnement sont supposé es ré sulter principalement de la complé mentarité entre espè ces d'arbres au niveau individuel, alors que les processus é mergents à l'é chelle des communauté s restent peu é tudié s. Dans cette é tude, nous proposons qu'un effet de << densification des arbres >> (<< Tree packing effect >>, TPE), selon lequel la diversité des espè ces favourise la productivité en ayant un effet positif sur la densité maximale du peuplement, soit un dé terminant important des relations entre diversité et productivité forestiè re. Nous avons ici testé les deux composantes du << TPE >>: (i) si la densité maximale du peuplement augmente avec la richesse en espè ces, et (ii) si cette densité de peuplement plus é levé e grâ ce à la richesse en espè ces favourise la productivité forestiè re. Tout d'abord, en nous appuyant sur les inventaires forestiers nationaux de six pays europé ens (totalisant 2,367,776 arbres), nous avons estimé les lignes d'auto-é claircie afin d'examiner si ces lignes é taient influencé es par la richesse en espè ces. Nous avons ainsi montré que la densité maximale des peuplements augmente avec la richesse en espè ces d'arbres en Europe, dans tous les pays sauf un. Cette tendance é tait notamment plus forte dans les climats plus extrê mes. Deuxiè mement, nous avons mené une vaste expé rience virtuelle (comprenant 7,024,815 simulations indé pendantes) avec un modè le de dynamique forestiè re individu-centré capable de contrô ler les effets de la densité des peuplements, afin de quantifier les relations diversité-productivité pour plus de 1000 sites en Europe. En nous appuyant sur une mé thode originale pour quantifier ces relations au niveau du site, nous avons comparé la force des effets diversité simulé s avec et sans contrô le de la densité des peuplements. Synthè se. Soulignant le caractè re gé né ral du << TPE >> dans les forê ts europé ennes, nos ré sultats montrent que l'effet de la diversité sur le fonctionnement forestier est. en partie contrô lé par les changements de densité de peuplement induits par la diversité. Ce mé canisme a longtemps é té né gligé dans les é tudes liant biodiversité et fonctionnement des é cosystè mes, mais nos ré sultats invitent fortement à le reconsidé rer, en particulier dans les forê ts naturelles. Cette é tude ouvre é galement des perspectives importantes pour les programmes de gestion et d'atté nuation du changement climatique.
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页码:371 / 386
页数:16
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