China-Latin America relations in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative

Motivation: As a leading programme aimed at promoting "connectivity" and "exchanges of people," BRI is providing a new avenue to expand China's presence and influence in Latin America and contribute to its rise at the systemic (global) level. Research shows that China's BRI in Latin America is not merely an economic initiative, but offers a combination of economic, political, and strategic objectives and consequences. Purpose: The purpose of the research is to examine China's BRI in Latin America from geopolitical perspectives, as well as its motivations, focuses, and consequences. It contributes to the scholarly discussion by analysing China's BRI in the greater picture of China's rise at the systemic (global) level and examining it through a political economy lens. Approach and methods: The research examines China's BRI in Latin America with a special focus on large-scale infrastructure projects that may have geopolitical implications and transform the built landscape in the region. The research is based on a critical review of the literature, and especially the Chinese academic literature, government documents, and corporate documents provided by some Chinese companies involved in large-scale BRI projects. Findings: The research finds that BRI helps China increase its economic and political co-operation with the states of Latin America. China is increasingly capable of reaping not only economic but also geopolitical benefits from BRI by intensifying economic and, by extension, political relations with Latin America. Policy implications: China's BRI in Latin America looks to obtain not merely economic, but also political and strategic benefits from China's "soft" power. Chinese policy-makers should be aware that China's "soft power" and interest could be strengthened if BRI could be implemented in accordance with the principles of advancing democratization, "good governance," and environmental protection.