Recent trends and advances in MnO2-based energy storage technologies

The growing need for efficient and sustainable energy storage technologies is accelerating progress in the industry. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is a common substitution for energy storage simply due to its exceptional electrochemical characteristics like high theoretical capacitance, cost-effectiveness and environmental sustain- ability. Despite of its potential, difficulties such as low electrical conductivity, have hampered its use in energy storage systems. This study examines advancements in MnO2-based energy storage technology, including creative tactics and breakthroughs. Recent breakthroughs in energy storage technologies such as supercapacitors, batteries, and hybrid devices are also examined. Further research directions include scalability and cost reduction i.e., cost-effective and scalable synthesis methods. Improving cycling stability and performance over time MnO2-based electrodes under real-world settings is also crucial for practical use. Sustainable growth demands addressing the environmental effect of MnO2 production, disposal and developing eco-friendly alternatives. The article focuses on continuing research to fully realize the potential of MnO2 and future directions to enhance these technologies.