Antibiotic resistance and preventive strategies in foodborne pathogenic bacteria: a comprehensive review

Antibiotic resistance in foodborne bacteria poses a substantial global health challenge. Reports indicate that antibiotic overuse in middle-class and low-income countries is a significant factor in the ever-increasing resistance. Resistance mechanisms have developed through enzymatic hydrolysis, reduced membrane permeability, efflux pumps, and target site mutations. Preventive measures like proper hygiene and safe food preparation, vaccination, antibiotic stewardship and surveillance, implementing infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, good agricultural practices, and investigating novel approaches like CRISPR, NGS, nanotechnology, and bacteriophages may be employed to address this challenge. Naturally occurring preservatives (e.g., nisin) are alternatives to antibiotics for food preservation. Prebiotics, probiotics, nanobiotics, phage treatment, and antimicrobial peptides are also substitutes for antibiotics. Furthermore, plant-derived compounds, such as essential oils and plant extracts, are promising substitutes for antibiotics in animal production. This review focuses on the mechanisms of underlying antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens, necessary preventive measures, and the challenges associated.Graphical abstractCreated using BioRender https://www.biorender.com/