Homoharringtonine in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: A review

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the accumulation of immature myeloid precursor cells. Over half of AML patients fail to achieve long-term disease-free survival under existing therapy, and the overall prognosis is poor, necessitating the urgent development of novel therapeutic approaches. The plant alkaloid homoharringtonine (HHT), which has anticancer properties, was first identified more than 40 years ago. It works in a novel method of action that prevents the early elongation phase of protein synthesis. HHT has been widely utilized in the treatment of AML, with strong therapeutic effects, few toxic side effects, and the ability to enhance AML patients' prognoses. In AML, HHT can induce cell apoptosis through multiple pathways, exerting synergistic antitumor effects, according to clinical and pharmacological research. About its modes of action, some findings have been made recently. This paper reviews the development of research on the mechanisms of HHT in treating AML to offer insights for further research and clinical therapy.