Thermodynamics analyses of ionic GO plus MXene/EG plus water hybrid nanofluid in a circular tube including a novelty vortex generator

This research explores the thermo-hydraulic efficiency and entropy generation characteristics of an innovative hybrid nanofluid (GO+MXene/EG+water) flowing through a circular tube, enhanced by a novel vortex generator incorporating dimpled fins with spherical, elliptical, and trapeze geometries placed on wave tapes. The vortex generators effectively disrupted boundary layers, thereby improving thermal performance across all configurations. The novelty of this research lies in the first-time examination of MXene-based hybrid nanofluids in conjunction with vortex generators to assess thermo-hydraulic performance and entropy generation. Due to its excellent thermal conductivity and stability, the hybrid nanofluid was studied under laminar flow conditions, with Reynolds numbers ranging from 500 to 2000. The findings reveal that the GO+MXene/EG+water hybrid nanofluid enhances the convective heat transfer coefficient by 20.32% while increasing the pressure drop by 25.85% compared to the base fluid. Besides, GO+MXene/EG+water hybrid nanofluid reduced the thermal entropy generation at the rate of 60.6%. Among the studied fin geometries, spherical dimpled fins demonstrated the highest heat transfer improvement, with a normalized heat transfer ratio of 1.02, whereas trapeze fins exhibited relatively lower enhancement. This research contributes to the scientific community by providing valuable insights into the optimization of heat exchangers and other industrial thermal systems, facilitating enhanced heat transfer with reduced entropy generation. The study's findings have significant implications for future investigations on the integration of hybrid nanofluids and extended surface heat transfer enhancement techniques. Notably, the results offer a foundation for the development of novel designs that leverage hybrid nanofluids to improve energy efficiency in industrial systems.