Current evidence around key underrepresented women's health topics in pregnancy and postpartum nutrition: a narrative review

Adequate nutrition during pregnancy and postpartum is critical to maternal and child health, but there is often a missing focus around health outcomes specifically for women. Women's health includes sex-specific biological attributes and socially constructed gender roles framing behaviours and practices. This narrative review aims to highlight key areas where women's health has been underrepresented in pregnancy and postpartum nutrition research. Current evidence and research gaps are discussed for nutritional requirements during pregnancy and lactation, maternal mortality and morbidity nutritional risk factors, preconception and postpartum nutrition, and gendered cultural norms and inequities in access to nutritious foods during pregnancy and postpartum. Important areas for future research include strengthening empirical evidence for nutritional requirements in pregnant and lactating populations, the relationship between maternal iron status, anaemia and maternal morbidities, linkages between nutrient status among women and adolescent girls to maternal health outcomes, postpartum nutrition for recovery, lactation, and long-term women's health outcomes, and strength-based cultural practices that can support adequate maternal nutrition. There is an ongoing need to include women in nutritional requirements research, and measure health outcomes for women to ensure creation of an evidence base on both sex and gender-based datasets.