What are the unintended patient safety consequences of healthcare technologies? A qualitative study among patients, carers and healthcare providers

Objective To identify patient-safety-related unintended consequences of healthcare technologies experienced by their primary users: patients, carers and healthcare providers (HCPs).Design Qualitative study based on data collected in online focus groups. Transcripts were analysed inductively after each focus group using reflexive thematic analysis, focusing on identifying unintended consequences of healthcare technologies with implications for patient safety. Patient safety was broadly conceptualised to include a more subjective concept of 'feeling safe' as well as risks of actual harm.Setting Patient/public and HCP participants from the UK with experience in healthcare technologies were recruited using a mixture of purposive, convenience and snowball sampling.Participants 40 participants (29 patients/public, 11 HCPs) took part in 5 focus groups between November 2021 and February 2022.Results We identified five main themes of unintended consequences with implications for patient safety: inequity of access, increased end-user burden, loss of the human element of healthcare, over-reliance on technology and unclear responsibilities. Both groups of participants identified unintended consequences directly affecting patients; HCPs also described those affecting themselves. Some unintended consequences are described in previous literature, including alert fatigue, the 'illusion of communication', reduced opportunities for face-to-face interactions and increased end-user burden. Others are potentially novel, including patients' psychological dependence on technologies, 'gaming' of data entry and incorrect interpretation of health data.Conclusions Drawing on the perspectives of patients/public as well as HCPs, we identified five areas of patient-safety-related unintended consequences associated with healthcare technologies. These should be considered when developing tools to identify and mitigate the patient-safety-related unintended consequences of healthcare technologies.