Integrated multiomics analysis and machine learning refine neutrophil extracellular trap-related molecular subtypes and prognostic models for acute myeloid leukemia

Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play pivotal roles in various pathological processes. The formation of NETs is impaired in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which can result in immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infection.Methods The gene set variation analysis (GSVA) algorithm was employed for the calculation of NET score, while the consensus clustering algorithm was utilized to identify molecular subtypes. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed potential genes and biological pathways associated with NETs, and a total of 10 machine learning algorithms were applied to construct the optimal prognostic model.Results Through the analysis of multiomics data, we identified two molecular subtypes with high and low NET scores. The low-NET score subgroup exhibited increased infiltration of immune effector cells. Conversely, the high-NET score subtype presented an abundance of monocytes and M2 macrophages, accompanied by elevated expression levels of immune checkpoint genes. These findings suggest that a pronounced immunosuppressive effect is associated with a significantly worse prognosis for this subtype. The optimal risk score model was selected by employing the C-index as the criterion on the basis of training 10 machine learning algorithms on 9 multicenter AML cohorts. Survival analysis confirmed that patients with high-risk scores had considerably poorer prognoses than those with lower scores. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Cox regression analyses further validated the strong independent prognostic value of the risk score model. The nomogram, which was constructed by integrating the risk score model and clinicopathological factors, demonstrated high accuracy in predicting the overall survival of AML patients. Moreover, patients with refractory or chemotherapy-unresponsive AML had significantly higher risk scores. By analyzing drug therapy data from in vitro AML cells, we identified a subset of drugs that demonstrated increased sensitivity in the high-risk score group. Additionally, patients with a high risk score were also predicted to exhibit a favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy, suggesting that these individuals may derive greater benefits from immunotherapy.Conclusion The NET-related signature, derived from a combination of diverse machine learning algorithms, has promising potential as a valuable tool for prognostic prediction, preventive measures, and personalized medicine in patients with AML.