A survey on the use of total intravenous anaesthesia in small animals by veterinary anaesthesiologists

Objective To describe the use of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in dogs and cats by veterinary anaesthesiologists. Study design A cross-sectional online, voluntary, anonymous survey. Population Data from 153 answered questionnaires. Methods An anonymous questionnaire was sent via e-mail to diplomates, residents and residency-trained individuals from the American and European Colleges of Veterinary An(a)esthesia and Analgesia, to gather information on the use, perceived advantages, reasons for the use or not of TIVA and attitudes towards this technique in dogs and cats. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to detect significant associations were performed. The effect size was estimated using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A significance level of p < 0.05 was used. Results We obtained 153/703 responses (66% diplomates, 34% residents; overall response rate of 21.7%). Although 99% and 94% of respondents used TIVA in dogs and cats, respectively, only 14% used it frequently (several times a week) in dogs, and < 1% in cats. Most respondents used propofol (97%, dogs) and alfaxalone (85%, cats), mostly combined with opioids. Reasons for not using TIVA more frequently included prolonged recovery (49%, dogs; 61%, cats), higher cost (46%, dogs) and concerns about drug accumulation (44%, cats). Frequent TIVA use was driven by clinical indications (100%) and greater haemodynamic stability (87%). A higher proportion of respondents using TIVA frequently reported the high stability of the anaesthetic plane (20%; OR- 5.0; 95% CI: 1.4-17.8; p0.013) and disagreed with using TIVA only when a specific clinical indication existed (OR- 3.3; 95% CI: 1.4-10.0; p0.013). Conclusions and clinical relevance Although occasional, TIVA use is reported among veterinary anaesthesiologists. Clinical indications for TIVA are the most likely reason for its use, whereas factors such as a prolonged recovery or higher cost might limit its use.