Trametes versicolor laccase-derived silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis, structural characterization and multifunctional biological properties

Isolated enzymes serve as advantageous platforms for the fabrication of nanomaterials. The objective of this study was to fabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated with Trametes versicolor laccase and evaluate their diverse biological properties. The AgNPs fabricated through laccase-mediated methods were characterized using various characterization techniques including UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results showed that the laccaseincorporated AgNPs were spherical in shape with a Z-average diameter of 19.40 nm and a zeta potential of -19.2 mV. The AgNPs exhibited significant dose-dependent in vitro alpha-amylase, urease, and DPPH free radical inhibitory activities, with maximum inhibitions of 83.49 f 1.06 %, 68.95 f 3.60 %, and 67.36 f 3.40 %, respectively, at a concentration of 1000 mu g mL- 1. Furthermore, the intrinsic pathway-mediated anticoagulant activity of the fabricated AgNPs was confirmed through the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay, which serves as a global coagulation assay. Additionally, the laccase-incorporated AgNPs demonstrated antibacterial properties against both standard gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus mutans, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2 and 4 mu g mL- 1, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 16 and 16 mu g mL- 1, respectively. The dose-dependent antibacterial performance of the AgNPs against both bacterial populations was also confirmed through flow cytometry. Moreover, the AgNPs exhibited 61.53 f 3.17 % and 63.03 f 1.44 % biofilm degradation against S. epidermidis and S. mutans, respectively, at the maximum tested concentration (20*MIC).