Transition dynamics between soliton molecules in fiber lasers

Soliton molecules, akin to matter molecules, can be categorized into tightly and loosely bound soliton molecules based on the interplay of long- and short-range interactions. Comprehending the intricate dynamics governing the transition between these states is essential for unraveling the complex behaviors of solitons and for actively controlling lasing states. In this study, we employ the dispersive Fourier transform technique to experimentally investigate the transient dynamics that unfold during the transformation between these two soliton molecules states. Our findings reveal that the switching process is primarily influenced by two major stages: soliton attraction which initiated by gain depletion and soliton rebuilding which facilitated by gain recovery. Furthermore, we delve into the transient dynamics of phase-slipping soliton molecules, shedding light on the intricate interplay of nonlinear phenomena in non-equilibrium systems. These insights provide a valuable foundation for understanding the transition between nonlinear states and offer promising avenues for the intelligent control of lasing states, potentially leading to novel applications in various fields.