Risk of Recurrence in Acute Anterior Uveitis

Purpose: To examine the frequency of recurrence and identify risk factors for recurrence in patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU). Design: Retrospective cohort study from a single tertiary ophthalmic clinical center. Participants: All subjects with AAU identified from a database of Inflammatory Eye Disease presenting to Te Whatu Ora (Auckland, New Zealand) between 2008 and 2021. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from chart review and electronic patient records for all patients during the study period. Rates of recurrence were reported using the Kaplane-Meier estimator. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for recurrence was calculated using a marginal Cox regression model. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was disease recurrence. Secondary outcome measure was moderate vision loss (<= 20/50). Results: A total of 2763 eyes of 2092 subjects with AAU were studied, with a median follow-up time of 8.9 years and a total follow-up of 19 794.9 eye-years. Recurrence occurred in the ipsilateral eye in 1258 eyes (45.5%) and in the contralateral eye in 522 eyes (27.3%). Rates of ipsilateral recurrence over 10 years were 38.1% for idiopathic disease, 43.2% for human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27)/inflammatory arthritis, and 44.9% for viral uveitis. On multivariate analysis, the following were associated with increased risk of ipsilateral recurrence: older age (P < 0.001), Maori ethnicity (P = 0.006), Asian ethnicity (P < 0.001), HLA-B27/inflammatory arthritis (P < 0.001), and viral uveitis (P = 0.018). There was no association with gender, smoking, bilateral disease, or hypertensive uveitis. Rates of contralateral eye involvement were significantly lower than ipsilateral eye recurrence. Contralateral recurrence at 10 years was 15.2% in idiopathic uveitis, 37.6% in HLA-B27/inflammatory arthritis, and 2.0% in viral uveitis. Risk factors identified for contralateral eye involvement were Maori ethnicity (P = 0.003), Pasifika (Pacific Islanders) ethnicity (P = 0.021), and HLA-B27/inflammatory arthritis (P < 0.001). Moderate vision loss (<= 20/50) was present in 411 eyes (14.9%) at final follow-up and was more common if time to first recurrence was shorter (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Approximately half of patients with AAU will develop recurrence in the ipsilateral eye, and one-quarter will have recurrence in the contralateral eye. Patients with viral disease have the highest risk of ipsilateral recurrence and lowest risk of contralateral recurrence. Patients with risk factors for recurrence should be managed and counseled appropriately to minimize the risk of visual loss and complications of uveitis. (c) 2024 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology