Techno-econo-environmental feasibility analysis and investigation of engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics using co-pyrolytic oil derived from tea waste and potato skin

This research aimed to evaluate the performance, emission characteristics, and combustion of CI engines using co-pyrolytic oil mixtures derived from tea waste (TW) and potato skin (PS). The study also assessed the technoeconomic-environmental feasibility of the proposed project. Three types of co-pyrolytic oil, each analyzed with four blend ratios (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %), were examined: oil produced under optimal conditions, oil obtained through normal distillation, and oil obtained via fractional distillation. Fractionally distilled copyrolytic oil blends demonstrated enhanced engine performance, nearing that of diesel fuel. Additionally, the co-pyrolytic oil showed compatibility with diesel and kerosene for water heating applications. An economic analysis highlighted the cost-effectiveness and reliability improvements for industrial use. A techno-economic assessment for a 10-ton/day co-pyrolytic facility indicated processing costs and revenues of $225.25/ton and $563.4/ton, respectively. The levelized energy cost was found to be $0.037/kWh, with a repayment period of 2.43 years over an eight-year project lifespan. The annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions was calculated at 2104.29 kg. This study provides scientific guidelines for co-pyrolysis-based energy generation projects, offering valuable insights for investors and researchers.