Research on optimal design of multi-energy microgrid considering hybrid resilience load management and Carbon emissions

This paper presents an optimal sizing model for the multi-energy microgrid (MEMG) based on mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), intended to minimize the annual total cost (ATC). The MEMG incorporates multi-energy storage systems (MESS) and power-to-gas (P2G) systems considering power-to-hydrogen (P2H) and hydrogen-to-gas (H2G) processes independently. To this end, a novel two-way hybrid resilience load management strategy is introduced and the uncertain behavior of EVs and HVs is modeled via Monte-Carlo Simulations (MCS). In addition, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are enabled for MEMG stability. The proposed design achieves a 4.19% annual total cost reduction rate (ATCRR) and 8.81% annual emission reduction rate (AERR) compared to the design without MESS, O 2 revenue, and H2G capabilities. Co-integration of H2G and V2G technologies yields a 7.281% AERR and 0.37% ATCRR. The CCS alone captures 20.35% of the CO2 annually making the system low-carbon. Furthermore, five storage systems improve efficiency and reduce ATC by 1.5%. Besides, the revenue generated from O 2 sales and cross-market arbitrage covers 35.56% of MEMG expenses. Notably, the resilience management strategy effectively mitigates incremental cost burden of 1.3% and reduces emissions, ensuring robustness against outages. Therefore, the proposed system provides a clean, resilient, and cost-effective solution to the modern energy sector.