Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Iridoid Glycosides from the Roots of Gomphandra mollis

Ten previously undescribed iridoid glycosides (1-10), including monoiridoids, hybrid iridoid-alkaloids, bis-iridoids, noriridoid-iridoid dimers, and tetramers, were isolated from the roots of Gomphandra mollis Merr. Structural elucidation revealed unique sugar chains not previously observed for iridoids and complex tetrameric configurations that are rare in nature. Compounds 9, 10, and 15 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 6.13 to 13.0 mu M, and compounds 6, 7, and 11-13 showed notable hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cells. Additionally, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis on anti-inflammatory effects was also conducted. This study enriches the structural database of iridoids, particularly complex derivatives, and highlights their therapeutic potential in addressing inflammation-related and liver diseases.