Graph coloring framework to mitigate cascading failure in complex networks

Cascading failures pose a significant threat to the stability and functionality of complex systems, making their mitigation a crucial area of research. While existing strategies aim to enhance network robustness, identifying an optimal set of critical nodes that mediates the cascade for protection remains a challenging task. Here, we present a robust and pragmatic framework that effectively mitigates the cascading failures by strategically identifying and securing critical nodes within the network. Our approach leverages a graph coloring technique to identify the critical nodes using the local network topology, and results in a minimal set of critical nodes to be protected yet maximally effective in mitigating the cascade thereby retaining a large fraction of the network intact. Our method outperforms existing mitigation strategies across diverse network configurations and failure scenarios. An extensive empirical validation using real-world networks highlights the practical utility of our framework, offering a promising tool for enhancing network robustness in complex systems.