An overview of additive manufacturing strategies of enzyme-immobilized nanomaterials with application incatalysis and biomedicine

Meticulous and bespoke fabrication of structural materials with simple yet innovative outlines along with on- demand availability is the imperative aspiration for numerous fields. The alliance between nanotechnology and enzymes has led to the establishment of an inimitable and proficient class of materials. With the advancement in the field of additive manufacturing, the fabrication of some complex biological architects is achievable with similitude to the instinctive microenvironment of the biological tissue. Rendering these enzymes-linked nanomaterials through 3D printing for biosensing, catalytic, and biomedical applications is challenging due to the need for a precise controlled, regulated system with scaleup capability for commercialization. The current review highlights the importance of nanomaterials as a persuasive matrix for enzyme immobilization along with the key parameters that regulate the rate of immobilization and the activity of the concerned enzyme. Precise attention has been devoted to the different strategies for immobilizing enzymes in the nanomaterial's matrix. The present review offers a comprehensive discussion on the utility of 3D printing technology for enzyme- immobilized nanomaterials in biosensing, catalysis, and biomedical applications. The employment of 3D printing grants new developments and avenues in the vast field of enzyme- immobilized nanomaterials.