Fracture characteristics and microscopic mechanism of slag-based marine geopolymer mortar prepared with seawater and sea-sand

This study utilized seawater, sea sand, and ternary solid waste to produce marine geopolymer mortar (MGM). 23 groups of MGM samples with varying alkali content and basalt fiber (BF) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) volume fractions, as well as marine cement mortar (MCM), were tested for fracture characteristics. Three initial crack length ratios (a0/h) a 0 / h ) (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) were designed. The analysis included load-crack mouth opening displacement (P-CMOD) P-CMOD) curves for all specimens, focusing on critical crack length (ac), a c ), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc), c ), fracture toughness (KSIC), KSIC ), fracture energy (GF), G F ), and facture brittleness index (FBI). Results indicated that increasing alkali content enhanced strength and elastic modulus, peak fracture load, critical crack extension length (Delta ac), Delta a c ), and CTODc, c , while decreasing final CMOD. This was attributed to the increased alkali content, which enhanced the mortar's density. However, excessive alkali content also led to increased shrinkage damage within the matrix, making it prone to stress concentrations and resulting in brittle failure. Based on the research, it is recommended that the alkali content be controlled within the range of 4-5 %. Hybrid fibers showed superior overall toughness enhancement, increasing KSIC, , G F , and FBI by 54.3 %, 95.6 %, and 427.4 %, respectively. This improvement was due to the synergistic effect of BF and PPF, which increased the specimen's elastic modulus, reduced crack propagation speed, and sustained load-bearing capacity during the later stages of crack development. The fracture toughness of conventional geopolymer mortar was positively correlated with the Ca/Si ratio and was lower than that of MGM. In contrast, MGM's Ca/Si ratio showed an inverse correlation with KSIC, , indicating that phase assemblage governs the fracture resistance of MGM. This is because Cl-in- in seawater intensified geopolymerization reactions. Interwoven gel structures in MGM, with surface depositions like magnesium aluminosilicate hydrate (M-A-S-H), magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H), and silica gel, filled pores, and improved homogeneity, resulting in its superior fracture toughness over conventional geopolymer mortar.