Pendulum swings rather than paradigm shifts: Southeast Asia's securitisations and the global war on terror

Two decades into the 'war on terror', attention is rapidly shifting away from terrorism. Increasing geopolitical competition between the US and China and Russia's war in Ukraine prompted talk about a watershed moment in global politics marked by a return of great power competition. To what extent has this paradigm shift - from terrorism to 'traditional' considerations of military security from external invasion - taken place in Southeast Asia? Building on securitisation theory, this article argues that the war on terror did not mark a universal historical-political period as it is often presented. In Southeast Asia, so-called nontraditional threats such as terrorism have concerned states since their independence. Therefore, Southeast Asia continued to prioritise 'traditional' security threats alongside 'non-traditional' ones in what is commonly described as its comprehensive approach to security. Consequently, when the 'return to geopolitics' began influencing military doctrine and preparation amongst NATO countries, a similar shift was absent in Southeast Asia. We argue that the region has seen varied emphases on non-traditional versus traditional security threats but did not experience the paradigm shift suggested by the US-dominated security narrative. Southeast Asia's comprehensive security constellation underscores the need for a more pluralistic and eclectic approach to the study of international relations.