Dynamics of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils

Red Sea mangroves have a lower carbon burial rate than the global average, whereby small greenhouse gas fluxes may offset a large proportion of carbon burial. Monthly soil core sampling was conducted across 2 years at two sites within a central eastern Red Sea mangrove stand to examine carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes under dry and inundated conditions. Fluxes were highly variable, characterized by a prevalence of low emissions punctuated by bursts of high emissions. At the landward site, average +/- SE (median) flux from the soil-air interface was 3111 +/- 929 (811) mu mol CO2 m-2 d-1 and 1.68 +/- 0.63 (0.26) mu mol CH4 m-2 d-1 under light conditions and 8657 +/- 2269 (1615) mu mol CO2 m-2 d-1 and 0.84 +/- 0.79 (0.59) mu mol CH4 m-2 d-1 under dark conditions. Average +/- SE (median) sea-air fluxes were -55 +/- 165 (-79) mu mol CO2 m-2 d-1 and 0.12 +/- 0.23 (0.08) mu mol CH4 m-2 d-1 under light conditions and 27 +/- 48 (53) mu mol CO2 m-2 d-1 and 0.16 +/- 0.13 (0.09) mu mol CH4 m-2 d-1 in dark conditions. The seaward site recorded a higher CH4 flux, averaging 18.7 +/- 8.18 (1.7) and 17.1 +/- 4.55 (7.7) mu mol CH4 m-2 d-1 in light and dark conditions. Mean fluxes offset 94.5 % of carbon burial, with a median of 4.9 % skewed by extreme variability. However, reported CO2 removal by total alkalinity emission from carbonate dissolution greatly exceeded both processes and drives the role of these ecosystems as intense CO2 sinks.