Secondary Batteries for Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review of the Indian Landscape

This research paper presents an exhaustive exploration of the evolving landscape of battery technologies in the context of India's dynamic energy ecosystem. The study evaluates the intricate interplay of factors such as manufacturing, policy frameworks, and market dynamics. As India pursues renewable energy goal of 450 GW by 2030, challenges from renewable intermittency are addressed by battery energy storage, especially Lithium-ion, playing a crucial role in grid stability. the operational energy storage capacity is currently at 20 MW, with an additional 1.3 GW in various development stages. Critical insights are provided into India's initiatives, including the Battery Swapping Policy and the FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) Scheme. The paper explores the growing momentum in establishing battery cell manufacturing units across India and reducing dependence on imports through the National Program on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage. While certain regulations such as the Batteries Management and Handling Rules (2001) exist, the lack of comprehensive policy support underscores the need for a sustainable recycling infrastructure to facilitate circular economy and environmentally sustainable waste management practices. This comprehensive review offers a holistic understanding of the present battery landscape in India and propounds future perspectives crucial for steering the nation towards sustainable energy reliance.