Bio-derived solvent-based automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for pretreatment of diamide insecticides in environmental water samples

A green, efficient, and cost-effective bio-derived solvent-based automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (BDS-ADLLME) method was developed in the present study. A liquid handling platform with only the pipetting function module was employed to achieve automated multiple-sample pretreatment and eliminate manual errors. Green bio-derived solvents, gamma-valerolactone and eucalyptol, derived from renewable resources and exhibiting high environmental friendliness, were used as dispersant and extractant, respectively. The eucalyptol self-separated from the samples within 5 minutes, eliminating the need for centrifuges and demulsifiers. Four greenness evaluation tools confirmed that the BDS-ADLLME was an environmentally friendly sample pretreatment method meeting the requirements of green chemistry. The linear range was 0.006-3 mu g L-1 with R-2 > 0.999. The limit of detection was 0.002 mu g L-1. The BDS-ADLLME method successfully detected chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in tap, river, lake, and spring water samples, with recoveries and relative standard deviations ranging from 83.4-107.7% and 1.7%-5.4%, respectively. The BDS-ADLLME provides a feasible approach for developing automated eco-friendly dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction methods.